Iesirea din criza
Transparenta fiscala
Transparenta fiscala
Programul Piperea
Stimularea consumului si a investiilor prin mecanismul transparentei fiscale
Bugetul Romaniei este construit intr-o proportie majoritara pe baza incasarilor din impozitele si taxele indirecte, adica din taxarea consumului. Criza economica severa pe care o traverseaza Romania a dus la scaderea drastica a consumului, de unde o reducere substantiala a incasarilor la buget. Incasarile mai mici decit cele preconizate au facut sa apara problema grava a subfinantarii cheltuielilor bugetare. Guvernul a raspuns acestei probleme intr-o modalitate comoda si complet lipsita de responsabilitate pentru viitorul imediat al Romaniei : (i) s-a imprumutat masiv la banci, pe termen scurt, drenind bancile de resurse si angajind bugetul tarii pentru cel putin 2 ani la plata de rate si dobinzi in loc de investitii; (ii) a operat rectificari de cheltuieli bugetare, trimitind in somaj profesori, invatatori, militari si politisiti, inchizind spitale si reducind la jumatate salariile judecatorilor; (iii) a introdus un impozit minim, aplicabil indiferent daca exista sau nu venit, facind 100.000 de firme sa se inchida si obligind micii comercianti sa se reorganizeze ca persoane fizice autorizate, care nu mai platesc decit impozitul pe venit de 16%, nu si contributiile la sistemele de pensii si la alte fonduri de asigurare sociala.
Solutiile simple si eficiente ale acestei probleme, cel putin pe termen scurt, sunt stimularea consumului, in special a celui de marfuri si produse indigene, si reducerea sau eliminarea cheltuielilor bugetare inutile, in favoarea majorarii cheltuielilor bugetare absolute necesare functionarii unui stat democratic si social (invatamint, sanatate, aparare, ordine publica, justitie). Numarul ministerelor trebuie redus la 10, ajutoarele de stat, subventiile sau garantiile trebuie admise doar pentru salvgardarea intreprinderilor prin proceduri de pre-insolventa si de insolventa.
Un mecanism fiscal care poate stimula atit consumul, cit si cresterea gradului de conformare voluntara, deci cresterea volumului incasarilor bugetare, este transparenta fiscala.
Sistemul transparentei fiscale are la baza idea c? nu se impune profitul companiei, ci se impun ca venit al fiecarui asociat parti din veniturile companiei (incasari minus cheltuieli) proportional cu participarea la beneficii si pierderi a fiecarui asociat, ca si cind compania nu ar avea personalitate juridica. Daca societatea ar fi impozitata conform regulilor stiute, atunci impozitul cumulat ar fi de 28,5% (adica, un impozit pe profit de 16% si un impozit pe dividende de 16%, calculat asupra partii din profit ramas dupa plata impozitului pe profit). In locul acestui impozit in cascada pe aceeasi plusvaloare, transparenta fiscala duce la plata unui singur impozit pe venit, de 16%, ceea ce permite concluzia dubla ca asociatul in cauza va avea la dispozitie mai multe lichiditati pe care fie le va reinvesti, fie le va consuma, fie le va economisi si ca acelasi asociat va fi mai putin tentat sa caute metode de evaziune fiscala sau de evitare a platii impozitului cumulat de 28,%. De aici, un grad mai mare de conformare voluntara, cu consecinta unui volum mai mare de incasari la buget. Nu este deloc de neglijat si un efect indirect al acestui mecanism : beneficiarii vor putea sustine mai usor o afacere, o vor extinde sau vor incepe altele noi daca vor avea la dispozitie mai multe lichiditati, de unde o sursa de locuri de munca. Salariatii acestor beneficiari ai transparentei fiscale vor putea continua sa consume si, deci, vor putea alimenta in continuare bugetul cu tva si alte impozite indirecte, statul fiind scutit de sarcina de a-i asista social in calitate de someri.
Solutia legala ar fi modificarea Legii societatilor comerciale si a Codului fiscal in asa fel incit sa permita adoptarea mecansimului transparentei fiscale. In esenta, modificarile necesare, alaturi de introducerea contabilitatii in partida simpla, ar viza doar formele de organizare a afacerilor sub forma de intreprindere. Afacerile mici, cele individuale si de familie si afacerile profesionale, care se caracterizeaza printr-o mare mobilitate a obiectului de activitate, sediului si duratei, dar si prin mobilitatea locurilor de munca, ar trebui sa fie singurele beneficiare ale transparentei fiscale.
Sistemul transparentei fiscale este practicat si aproape generalizat in Germania, Marea Britanie, Franta si Olanda.
Sistemul transparen?ei fiscale este in prezent adoptat si in Romania, dar limitat la societatile profesionale de practicieni in insolventa si la cele de avocat. Pentru prima data, acest sistem a fost adoptat in 2006, cind s-a reglementat, printr-un proiect de lege elaborat de mine, noua forma de organizare a practicienilor in insolventa, respective, societatea profesionala cu raspundere limitata. Dupa acest model, in 2008 a fost adoptata si societatea profesionala cu raspundere limitata de avocati, care se supune aceluiasi regim al transparentei fiscal.
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