PROPRIETATEA

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Scris de Gheorghe Piperea

Programul Piperea

1. Proprietatea este un drept exclusiv si peren ce se constituie in temelia drepturilor individuale. Realizarea drepturilor individuale este cauza si efectul democratiei. De aceea, a garanta dreptul de proprietate inseamna a garanta perenitatea sistemului democratiei in Romania.   

Unul dintre principiile fundamentale ale Constitutiei este cel al garantarii proprietatii private. Printre altele, acest principiu interzice orice expropriere fara o justa si prealabila despagubire. Mai mult, cel ce urmeaza a fi expropriat trebuie sa fie de acord cu exproprierea.

2. Poate cea mai complicata problema a societatii romanesti postcomuniste, care a divizat societatea si a provocat interminabile dispute politice, sociale si juridice, este cea a imobilelor nationalizate. Chestiunea a fost si este o sursa inepuizabila de ipocrizii si gafe politico-juridice.

Fostii proprietari de imobile nationalizate au fost expropriati samavolnic de statul comunist. Casele acestora, in marea lor majoritate, fie s-au vandut fostilor chiriasi, in baza Legii nr. 112/1995, fie au fost oprite de la restituirea in natura pentru ca au avut chiriasi repartizati in acel loc de stat. Majoritatea imobilelor cu destinatie industriala sau comerciala nationalizate au fost incluse in programele de privatizare si, deci, au fost excluse, practic, de la restituire. in plus, practica judiciara de dupa anul 1995, in contradictie cu jurisprudenta unitara a Curtii Europene a Drepturilor Omului, a impus regula ca, daca au fost dobandite cu buna-credinta, aceste doua categorii de imobile nu mai pot fi restituite in natura. Asadar, in marea majoritate a cazurilor, aceste imobile nu s-au restituit in natura.

in cazul fostilor proprietari de imobile nationalizate, garantarea proprietatii se traduce prin doua alternative: restituirea in natura si, in mod exceptional, despagubirile. De fiecare data cand, fizic, este posibila restituirea in natura, imobilele nationalizate trebuie restituite.

3. in 1994, Ion Iliescu, pe atunci presedinte al republicii, personaj pentru care proprietatea privata a fost si va ramane in veci un moft, declansa marea schisma sociala a imobilelor nationalizate, printr-un virulent discurs anti-proprietate. Daca, pana la acel moment, judecatorii rezolvau simplu problema, pe baza principiilor vechi ale actiunii in revendicare, ulterior aceiasi judecatori au inceput sa vada in fostii proprietari, pe care statul comunist roman ii talharise, furandu-le proprietatea, o casta rapace de speculanti pe seama chiriasilor, asa cum le sugerase Ion Iliescu si au refuzat sa le mai admita actiunile in revendicare.

4. Pentru despagubirile datorate fostilor proprietari de imobile nationalizate care nu se restituie in natura, legiuitorul roman a imaginat  Fondul „Proprietatea”, o societate comerciala pe actiuni, la care titularii dreptului la despagubire devin actionari, prin conversia „titlurilor de despagubire” in actiuni emise de Fond. Titularii dreptului la despagubiri sunt obligati, deci, sa devina actionari la Fond. Pe de alta parte, in loc de despagubiri efective, fostilor proprietari de imobile nationalizate li se ofera un risc, caci o societate comerciala poate fi sau nu functionala si poate avea sau nu profit, mai ales ca, in cazul acestui Fond Proprietatea, activele ce constituie capitalul sau socialul sunt dintre cele mai diverse, inclusiv creante ale Statului roman contra unor state ca Irak sau Congo.

Este evident ca mecanismul despagubirii in Fondul Proprietatea este contrar principiului garantarii proprietatii si principiului libertatii de asociere. Oferindu-le fostilor proprietari, in loc de despagubiri propriu-zise, actiuni la un fond de investitii, adica riscul de a castiga sau pierde, statul arunca in neant drepturile acestor oameni.

Asadar, fostii proprietari, care au pierdut deja de doua ori imobilul in cauza (prima data, la nationalizare, sub guvernarea sovietica, a doua oara, si de data asta definitiv, la intrarea in vigoare a Legii nr. 247/2005 care instituie Fondul Proprietatea) pot pierde, total sau partial, si despagubirile ce li s-ar fi cuvenit pentru nationalizare.

Chestiunea despagubirilor fostilor proprietari de imobile nationalizate nu este insolubila. Exista inca solutia emiterii in favoarea acestora de obligatiuni de stat, scadente in 10 ani si cotate la bursa. Aceasta solutie ar permite Statului roman sa rezolve echitabil si cu un efort bugetar nesemnificativ problema imobilelor nationalizate.

Cotarea la bursa a obligatiunilor de stat emise in favoarea titularilor dreptului la despagubire reprezinta o solutie definitiva pentru : (i) chiriasii, care locuiesc in imobilele nationalizate, si fostii chiriasi, care au cumparat in baza Legii nr. 112/1995 locuintele pe care le ocupau cu chirie ; ambele categorii de persoane scapa de stresul unui actual sau potential proces cu fostul proprietar si de riscul de a fi evacuat ; (ii) fostii proprietari, care ar primi  despagubiri palpabile pentru faptul suferit in trecut ; dreptul de proprietate ar putea fi considerat ca recunoscut si, in sfarsit, furtul pedepsit ; desigur ca, fostii proprietari sau mostenitorii lor vor putea refuza despagubirile in favoarea restituirii in natura ; (iii) justitie, care ar fi degrevata de un mare numar de litigii ; (iv) piata de capital, care ar dobandi un produs nou, capabil sa impulsioneze piata si sa capteze investitii masive in astfel de titluri transformabile in actiuni.

Varianta completa a Programului Piperea - AICI

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  • |86.35.21.xxx |2009-09-08 08:52:26 Stancu C  - proprietatea
    Trebuie avute in vedere si urmatoarele aspecte:
    reglementarea situatiei folosintei in comun a unor terenuri sau imobile, servitutile, loturile in multe imobile care sunt folosite in comun. Statul nu a rezolvat problema nici cu proprietarii si nici cu alti cumparatori, ceea ce generaza tensiuni,litigii, etc
    O alta problema: aspectul privitor la imbunatatirile aduse de fostii chiriasi, unori sumele sunt importante, ori o imbogatire fara justa cauza a fostilor proprietari nu este chiar corecta. Cine le suporta ? In 40 de ani s-au peterecut atatea, iar genereatia actuala nu poate fi condamanata pentru ceea ce au facut altii ...
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    Dupa 89' au aparut toate escrocheriile cu proprietatile.
    Pana atunci nu era decat ICRAL-UL, ori altele similare.
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    Stiti cine a fost sef acolo ani la rand??
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    Cu o avere de-ti sta inima!
    De unde? zice ca de la New York. O fi colaborat cu Madoff? Adevarul este ca se imbogatise de la ICRAL si a asa a si plecat in State. Ca un imbogatit, adica ca unul din noaua "clasa a capitalistilor romani" astfel cu i-a numit si dorit Iliescu!
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